Scientists are Artists: From Brian Eno to the Amygdala

Dipping swords in metaphors yeah but what does he know?
We're always one step behind him he's Brian Eno
Brian Eno!
He promised pretty worlds and all the silence
I could dream of
Brian Peter George St John Le Baptiste De La Salle Eno
Brian Eno by MGMT   

 

Scientists are geeks and artists and musicians are cool ....aren't they?

Science and scientists are viewed as somewhat controlled, controlling, rule-bound, formulaic (the Scientific Method) and emotionally bereft Mr Spocks. By contrast, artists are seen as inspired, more random, often troubled and free souls who free us and our imaginations

These stereotypes are a view of the seemingly quiescent surface of science. Scrape beneath the tranquil surface though ...and you often find a festering, turbulent and creative underbelly.

It is important to acknowledge and embrace the art of science,  embrace the random....but being scientists and perhaps self-defeating...we might like some rules to help us control this random (ha!) creative process!

In this context, let me introduce Brian Peter George St John Le Baptiste De La Salle Eno or as he is more commonly known - Brian Eno. Eno is, of course, best know for producing many famous bands (U2, Bowie, Talking Heads) and was a founder member of Roxy Music. His influence on electronica has featured in my blog previously.

Here I mention his Oblique Strategies (Over One Hundred Worthwhile Dilemmas) - a deck of simple printed cards created by Brian Eno and artist Peter Schmidt and first published in 1975. Each card contains an aphorism intended to help artists break creative blocks.

 

 "By This River" (Eno, Roedelius, Moebius) from Before & After Science

 

The idea of Oblique Strategies is to select cards at random - here is a program that does this for you

http://oblicard.com/

 

The cards contain a phrase or cryptic remark that may be used to overcome a creative impasse or dilemma. Some are specific to music composition and Eno has used them throughout his own recordings and his production of others - the cards were a key part of the production of David Bowie's seminal Berlin trilogy of Low, Heroes and Lodger.

"We used oblique strategies a lot. Sense of Doubt was done almost entirely using the cards, and we did talk about work methods. But no, I don't think we [Eno & Bowie] have that much in common. But that's fine, so long as there's give and take"

Working on Sense Of Doubt, Bowie and Eno each pulled out an Oblique Strategy card and kept it a secret from the other. As Eno described it:

It was like a game. We took turns working on it; he'd do one overdub and I'd do the next. The idea was that each was to observe his Oblique Strategy as closely as he could. And as it turned out they were entirely opposed to one another. Effectively mine said, 'Try to make everything as similar as possible.' … and his said, 'Emphasize differences.

 

 "Sense of Doubt" by David Bowie - incipient alien hand syndrome

 

Many of the cards are however more general and useful in many situations - I have often found them to act as catalysts for creative ideas both in a previous more artistic career and now as a scientist. 

Science and art are not mutually exclusive and most, if not all, of us engage with both ...the struggle between structure and serendipity and not a reduction of one to the other

As Eno says

Of course, the chances of you getting a great piece of music are quite remote....But the chances of you getting a seed for something are quite strong.

 
Oblique Strategies will not give you a high H-Index or guarantee a successful scientific career, but may provide that lacking creative spark at the many overly-analytical stages of the scientific process

 

 

In this context, it is worth noting that the Oblique Strategy cards are a simple stimulus open to massive interpretation - not unlike inkblot cards from the Rorschach test. Research shows that the number of unique responses to random figures (like the one above) is linked to having larger amygdalae. Asari et al (2010) asked healthy participants to report what the figure looked like the number of responses correlated positively with amygdala size.

 

The authors suggest of course that amygdalar enlargement in the normal population might be related to creative mental activity. Indeed, unique Rorschach responses are observed at higher frequency in the artistic population (e.g. Ramachandra, 1994; Rorschach, 1921) as well as more frequently in those with psychosis (e.g. Exner, 2003)....So, perhaps Oblique Strategies will enlarge your amygdalae

 

 

 

"Through Hollow Lands" For Harold Budd (arr. Fred Frith, Eno)

from Before & After Science

 

To finish with a random, creative amygdala-Brain Eno connection - here is 'Through Hollow Lands' from Eno's Before and After Science album. The psychology link? This piece was co-arranged by and features Fred Frith - one of the founding members of the illustrious and wonderfully monickered Henry Cow - an art group that came out of Cambridge University in the late 1960s/early 1970s. Fred Frith is, of course, the brother of the psychologist Chris Frith... who has written extensively on the Social Brain? (mentioning the amygdala a lot) and here is Henry Cow with their track Amygdala

 

I wonder if scientists have large amygdalae?

'Amygdala' by Henry Cow
 

Intellect catching up with intuition

 

 



Satellites of Love: uninterpretable results

In llama land there's a one-man band
And he'll toot his flute for you
Come on fly with me, let's take off in the blue

Frank Sinatra (Come Fly with Me)
 

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for negative symptoms in psychotic disorders: a pilot study

Staring, Hurne & van der Gaag (2013 in press)

 

Another month and another CBT for psychosis study that is uninterpretable. In previous months, I have commented here and on Twitter about CBT for psychosis studies often failing to use a control group and/or blinding of outcome assessments. As an example, I recently blogged on: Cognitive therapy for people with a schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis not taking antipsychotic medication: an exploratory trial by Morrison et al

Here we have another, in press at Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. While Morrison et al referred to theirs as 'exploratory', Staring et al provide us with the ubiquitous .... 'pilot'

Satellite of Love by Lou Reed

 

 

What did Staring et al do?

In an open trial 21 adult outpatients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder with negative symptoms received an average of 17,5 sessions of CBT-n (CBT for negative symptoms). At baseline and end-of-treatment, they assessed negative symptoms. They claim that "Intention-to-treat analyses showed a within group effect size of 1.26 on negative symptoms"

An effect size of 1.26 is, of course, massive - if only it meant something. As noted previously nonblind (open) studies are prone to large bias and without a control group, who knows why they changed. To be fair to the authors, they do have a limitations section - and it is quite large! Here is part of it:

"This was an uncontrolled study. Therefore the efficacy findings are biased. Patients may have improved over the course of the study by self-initiated change or because other treatments were helpful. The lack of a control group means that this effect was not controlled for."

"Second, also as a consequence of the uncontrolled design, measurements were not blind. We mostly used self-report measurements, and patients were fully aware that they had received an active treatment for their negative symptoms. This may have caused efficacy to be overestimated"

 

One thing we may be sure of is that the effect is overestimated...why? Because studies meeting acceptable quality i.e. RCTs that are blind and with controls suggest an effect size of at most .20 and nonsignificant (Wykes et al 2008) - Seems an overestimation is likely - by about 6 fold!

Anyway, my point here is that we need to have some monitoring of  studies that are essentially uninterpretable. To borrow a phrase from Lou Reed, I see them as "Satellites of Love" - autopilot research - probably done out of love - but ultimately clutter-up the science atmosphere.

The authors finish with:
"Randomized controlled trials with sufficient statistical power will need to be performed in order to confirm or refute our results"

This is somewhat odd because, as noted, many RCTs have already shown CBT to be ineffective for negative symptoms - as such... the study was refuted at conception

...All such satellites should engage auto-pilot and return to 'Llama land'

p.s. ask youself - would the study have been published if the results were negative?